Adoption is a key legal institution that enables the permanent care of children without appropriate parental care, providing them with a stable and supportive family environment. Despite its importance, the adoption process faces numerous challenges that can hinder its efficiency and availability. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the legal framework of adoption in the Republic of Croatia and at the international level, and to analyze the key aspects and challenges in the adoption process. Special emphasis is placed on the legal prerequisites, legal effects of adoption, and the assessment of the suitability and appropriateness of adopters, with the aim of identifying obstacles and proposing measures to improve the adoption process. The paper is based on the analysis of relevant legal regulations, international conventions, professional literature, and available statistical data. From this paper, it can be concluded that in the Republic of Croatia, the main challenges in the adoption process are complex administrative procedures, lack of information and education of potential adopters, and legal uncertainties in international adoptions. It is recommended to simplify administrative procedures, increase education and support for adopters, and strengthen international cooperation to ensure consistent application of legal standards and protection of children's rights. Finally, the need for systematic improvement of the adoption process through better legal regulation, public education, and support for adopters is emphasized to ensure the best possible protection of children's rights and their well-being.